Under normal conditions, the effects of caffeine will begin to decrease within 5 hours since entry into the body. However, in certain circumstances such as in pregnant women, part-time or time decay in the body can be much longer that 30 hours.

The longer caffeine stays in the body, the greater the likelihood of side effects it causes. Moreover, if consumed in excessive levels, then the caffeine can increase heart rhythm, trigger headaches, chest pain, anxiety and stomach cramps.

Experts from Glasgow University in Scotland says, pregnant women should stay home to drink coffee caffeine content is not more than 200 mg / day. This means, espresso coffee is not recommended because it is very concentrated so abstracted with very high levels of caffeine.

Research conducted by experts showed, most of the espresso coffee sold in coffee houses in Scotland containing caffeine above the safe limit for pregnant women. Of the 20 coffee shop serving espresso coffee, only 1 that caffeine levels within safe limits.

“The variation is large enough. The low caffeine could still be taken four times a day by pregnant women. But the levels are excessive, 1 cup alone can lead to overdose,” said Dr. Alan Crozier who led the research.

Besides to the pregnant women, other conditions are advised not to consume too much coffee is in young children and people with liver disorders. In that conditions, the liver is not working optimally so that caffeine increases the risk of overdose due to slow metabolism.

It is not always easy to demonstrate these reflexes and not all babies do them all of the time, so don’t be surprised if you or your Pediatrician can’t trigger all of the reflexes. More important, is your baby’s overall growth and development. Absent, asymmetric or persistent reflexes might be a sign of a neurological problem, though, and need further evaluation.

Moro Reflex

Also called the startle reflex, the moro is usually triggered if your baby is startled by a loud noise or if his head falls backward or quickly changes position. Your baby’s response to the moro will include spreading his arms and legs out widely and extending his neck. He will then quickly bring his arms back together and cry. The moro reflex is usually present at birth and disappears by 3-6 months.

Grasp

This reflex is shown by placing your finger or an object into your baby’s open palm, which will cause a reflex grasp or grip. If you try to pull away, the grip will get even stronger. In addition to the palmar grasp, there is also a plantar grasp, which is elicited by stroking the bottom of his foot, which will cause it to flex and his toes to curl. The palmar and plantar grasp usually disappear by 5-6 months and 9-12 months respectively.

Stepping/Walking

Most parents are surprised by this reflex. If you hold your baby under his arms, support his head, and allow his feet to touch a flat surface, he will appear to take steps and walk. This reflex usually disappears by 2-3 months, until it reappears as he learns to walk at around 10-15 months.

Positive Support Reflex

Like the stepping reflex, if you hold your baby under his arms, support his head, and allow his feet to bounce on a flat surface, he will extend (straighten) his legs for about 20-30 seconds to support himself, before he flexes his legs again and goes to a sitting position. This reflex usually disappears by 2-4 months, until it becomes a more mature reflex in which there is a sustained extension of the legs and support of his body by about 6 months.

Tonic Neck Reflex

A postural reaction, the asymmetric tonic neck reflex, or fencer response, is present at birth. To elicit this reflex, while your baby is lying on his back, turn his head to one side, which should cause the arm and leg on the side that he is looking toward to extend or straighten, while his other arm and leg will flex. This reflex usually disappears by 4-9 months.

Galant Reflex

If your baby is on his stomach and you stroke neck to the spinal cord (paravertebral area) on his middle to lower back, it will cause his back to curve towards the side that you are stroking. This reflex is present at birth and disappears by 3-6 months.

This is a wonderful time for you and your baby – you are getting to know each other. Newborns need a lot of sleep, though, and you must be aware of this and act accordingly.

Healthy Baby Sleep: What You Need to Know

Of course, your newborn will devote a lot of time to sleep. This is natural – it can be as much as 16 hours per day. Baby sleeping habits are good to know in advance, so that you are prepared and know what to do.

The lowdown is that your infant should likely rest in segments of approximately 2 hours. The reason is because your little one is still developing his nervous system. Thus, it is normal for your baby to do this.

So in just a couple months (roughly), your infant will begin to sleep for longer stretches. This goes on till he or she settles in at the normal rate of 6-8 hours straight at night. For some new parents, this can be frustrating and difficult to get used to.

When you are young, there are certain social activities you would like to do. However, as a teen parent you’ll have to make some adjustments. There will ultimately be some activities you’ll have to give up – temporarily, anyhow.

That’s just the way it is. And, as a new parent, just remember to let your baby sleep whenever he wants to.

Infants and Sleep : Develop Good Sleep Associations

Additionally, it ought to be a mandate to develop good sleep associations; i.e. there are things that your baby associates with going to sleep; thus you should not let your baby develop a habit of falling to sleep in your arms, or while being rocked or during feedings.

And your baby probably should not fall asleep with a pacifier or he’ll come to expect it. He should get used to falling asleep alone in his crib. In this way, he will develop good habits and become accustomed to getting back to sleep on his own.

Cholesterol (technically known as a sterol) is a substance found in animal fats and oils, nervous tissues, bile, blood and egg yolks. It has been found that people who suffer from diseases related to the arteries have a higher than average concentration of plasma cholesterol, and it has therefore been thought that an increased level of cholesterol in the blood have a higher risk of developing Atherosclerosis.
Recent studies have proved that by replacing any animal fats in the diet with vegetable oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, the plasma cholesterol falls and remains low as long as the animal fats are completely omitted from the diet.

It is interesting to understand and consider that mankind has been an omnivorous and an animal hunter for about two million years, during which time his diet was rich in animal fats as well as meat. In fact, the reasons behind the development of atherosclerosis remains unknown, although it is understandable that those who are in middle age to have a suspicion that they may have atherosclerosis to give up tobacco, take exercise and reduce their intake of fatty meats, butter, cream, salt and sugar.
There are a number of prescriptions available to help combat the level of cholesterol in the body.

To have cholesterol in the blood is an essential ingredient for the body to function, but too much of it can cause a malfunction. The steroids, including the sex hormones and the adrenal gland hormones are all made up of cholesterol; but only in limited quantities.

Newborn screening tests take place before your newborn leaves the hospital. Babies are tested to identify serious or life-threatening conditions before symptoms begin. Such diseases are usually rare. However, they can affect a baby’s normal physical and mental development.

Most tests use a few drops of blood from pricking the baby’s heel. A hearing test involves placing a tiny earphone in the baby’s ear and measuring his or her response to sound.

If a screening test suggests a problem, your baby’s doctor will follow up with further testing. If those tests confirm a problem, the doctor may refer you to a specialist for treatment. Following your doctor’s treatment plan can save your baby from lifelong health and developmental problems.

The disorders tested can vary from region to region, based on funding and the prevalence of a condition in the population.

The stages that pass child sexuality is
● Mouth (1-2 years)
● anal (2-4 years)
● the phallic (4-6 years)
● latent sexuality (7-11 years)
● of heterosexual sexuality (puberty).

First stage

The “oral” stage (1-2 years) is the phase in which the mouth, through breastfeeding, a criterion of pleasure or dissatisfaction (sucking, biting, etc.). At this stage the breast is the first object of sexual desire.

Second stage

The “anal” stage (2-4 years) is the phase in which the anus is an erogenous zone of the child. The function of defecation or fecal retention is the way in which the child tries to dominate the environment.

Stage

In the “phallic” stage (4-6 years) the child starts and creates gender identity and becomes aware of the difference between the sexes. Awareness of differences between sexes raises some fears and frustrations that are different to the boy and girl, but who over the years are resolved.

The girl is disappointed because it does not and will not acquire penis. But this dissatisfaction is compensated later discovering that it can gestate in contrast to the boys. This discovery helps to identify with his mother and accept the gender. The boy, on the other hand, experiencing fear may lose his penis (castration fear or anxiety), as it wishes and demands the same woman his father (Oedipus complex). Often wants to sleep with his mother to kiss the mouth, bathe her, etc. The role of the father is a catalyst for the solution of the “Oedipus complex”, since the threat of castration leads to identification with the father.

The matching process of the boy with his father and the girl with her mother is indispensable for a healthy sexual identity.

It is important to emphasize that at this age the child’s curiosity is quite acute, and this has led to several questions put to parents on various issues around sex, for the procreation (“Where do babies born?” “Why inflate the belly of the mother?”, “How come babies in mommy’s tummy?”) on the sex lives of his parents, for homosexuality, etc. Often parents react to such questions uncomfortable to answer or avoid directly or by resorting to various mikropsematakia or simplified theories, which are accepted by children and is hard to rebuilt later.

The children in this age, trying to explore their bodies and discover the difference between the sexes may engage in sexual explorations in the form of the game, with peers usually playing the game of “doctor ‘.

Another characteristic of this age is the masturbation of children. Masturbation is not sexual connotation to be acquired later in life, but acting sedative from various internal and external tensions that any child is experiencing. Parents often feel uncomfortable in front of this situation and trying to suppress this behavior by using either punishment or threats. This has the effect of pushing the child into believing that anything related to his genitals are evil. But if this feeling prevails, may be adversely affected sexuality in adulthood. It is therefore appropriate to allow him to explore his body, without giving the aftoerotismo of more attention than they need.

Fourth stage

At the stage of “latent sexuality” (7-11 years) children create same-sex relationships and idolize their gender. Curiosity for the expression of sexuality takes the form of discussions or questions to peers.

Fifth stage

Finally, being “heterosexual sexuality” (puberty) occur many changes, biological (the breasts of the girl grows up, comes to menstruation, growing boy’s penis, etc) and psychological, that affect the teenager. Sexual arousal is usually started with masturbation, which now becomes conscious, as opposed to childhood. Through this teen relieves his sexual impulses while he learns his body. Later, masturbation would be replaced by the existence of sexual contact with the opposite sex.

The sexuality of the adult depends largely on the sex education received throughout the course of his childhood. That’s why sex education should be free of prejudices and taboos, for the child to build a healthy sexual identity.

The main condition is that mate choice in which one decides to have a child. Many people, especially in recent years, found a partner and choose to have a child, it would be “good father” or “good mother” without tender feelings with a protective function for the relationship between two people who want to go along and create. This logic is flawed.

The relationship of parents is the core of the family. The child, in addition to such entities and the evolution of existence, comes to the emotional then the couple, not to fill the gaps in a partner.

Feeling

It is very important when choosing a partner to test the suitability as a parent, but is not essential. A child needs parents who love each other. The image and the emotional environment in which they grow are the standard for what is normal, what will look the same in their relationships and how large will learn to relate with people and with feeling. When parents are loving each other and the child understands, feels emotional security, while learning and so be gentle with people, with his brothers, friends and the opposite sex.

Contact

Furthermore, it is important to communicate, because that every difficulty, joy, concern, desire can be understood by their partner. When there is quality in a relationship, then chances and maintenance of the relationship and increase positive emotion, so it can keep the family united. Also, the more efsymvivastoi are two people between them, the greater the chances of survival of the relationship; common or nearby cultures, backgrounds and interests, for example, would lead to a better flow of the relationship and by extension the family.

Joint education

Finally, it is useful prospective parents to have a public education plan. You need to match the pair on issues such as how they imagine it would increase the child the appropriate behavior in this regard, the involvement or not of their own parents, if you go to a private or public school, who stays at home (if left) to enlarge the child, what punishment is permissible or not, etc.

Once such a mate choice has been made and there is the question when you do a couple a child, the answer is when each individual feels emotionally and practically ready to become a parent, and when the relationship is ready to withstand even the advent of a State especially demanding because of the agony of being experienced.

In conclusion, it is wise for expectant parents to have found common codes, common, have vivid emotion and work harmoniously as a couple. For better understanding, we present a very simple and understandable example: Dad is cheese and ham mom (or vice versa), that each individual child likes and fit together. But if Dad is cheese and chocolate mom, then the child individually like everyone but the combination does not leave a nice taste …

Flatulence is commonly known as a “fart” or “breaking wind”. But in reality, the term “flatulence” is basically a presence of gas in the stomach or intestines.

It is a natural thing to swallow air, and so will naturally create air pockets or “gas” in the digestive tract. But in most cases, flatulence is caused by the bacterial fermentation of food. It is the cellulose contained in vegetables that, when broken down, produces methane and hydrogen, while it is foods such as peas, beans, and eggs that are responsible for sulphureted hydrogen and carbon sulphide.

Those individuals who suffer the most, or are prone to, flatulence should take care to avoid the foods that cause it.
Flatulence can also be caused by talking when eating or the excessive swallowing of air (aerophagia) whilst chewing and gulping down food; it can also be related to emotional stress. When gas is present in the stomach it is expelled out through the mouth as a belch. (Note that a belch and a burp are not one and the same); if the gas is present in the bowels (intestines) it can cause rumbling, sometimes discomfort, and the “breaking of wind”.

It is possible to control flatulence by paying close attention to ones diet and consumption. And also any air-swallowing habits must be taken into account.

There are different stages of claustrophobia; some serious cases can be disabling, preventing a patient from entering a vehicle to travel, maybe, to work, or entering a building of which he or she works. In such circumstances, the effect of the patient may cause him or her to develop a shortness of breath, a rapid heartbeat with palpitations, shaking, sweating and other symptoms of panic which the patient cannot control.

It is a difficulty to treat any phobias. Psychotherapy may prove useful if it can get to the bottom of the cause and find the original reason of the developed phobia.
Another helpful treatment is desensitization. This is a process which the patient is either exposed to the fearful experience or instructed to imagine themselves in the situation whilst being continually reassured and encouraged by the doctor or therapist. Such a process is aided by the use of tranquilizing drugs.

The prognosis, however, remains unstable as many patients, despite successful treatment, have relapsed into their previous phobic state.

1. Find out the cause of the heat.
2. Do not panic! fever is generally not life threatening.
3. Observe the child’s behavior. When the temperature is not too high
child was still cheerful, active and want to play, then we need not
panic.
4. Give the child a lot of drink because of a fever can cause
dehydration
5. Compress the child with warm water.
Why not with cold water? because if given the cold water, the brain
will think is cold temperatures outside the body so the brain
will tell the body to raise its temperature by shivering to produce
heat. As a result, the child’s body temperature will increase.
6. Give febrifuge When the temperature is above 38.5 degrees Celsius,
or if the child is uncomfortable. Do not give fever-reducing
medication when the fever is not high (below 38.5 degrees Celsius).

Although fever is not dangerous, but we as parents should still be alert. If your children has signs such as below immediately brought to the doctor

1. If the baby is in less than 3 months old with body temperature
reaching 38 degrees Celsius or more.
2. When babies aged 3-6 months with body temperature reaches
38.3derajat Celsius or more.
3. When babies & children aged over 6 months with temperature
reaching 40 degrees Celsius or more.
4. Do not drink / have been dehydrated.
5. Cried continuously.
6. Continuous sleep.
7. convulsions
8. Shortness of breath, restlessness, vomiting or diarrhea.

Do not panic and stay alert is the key so that the worst does not happen to our children.