Under normal conditions, the effects of caffeine will begin to decrease within 5 hours since entry into the body. However, in certain circumstances such as in pregnant women, part-time or time decay in the body can be much longer that 30 hours.

The longer caffeine stays in the body, the greater the likelihood of side effects it causes. Moreover, if consumed in excessive levels, then the caffeine can increase heart rhythm, trigger headaches, chest pain, anxiety and stomach cramps.

Experts from Glasgow University in Scotland says, pregnant women should stay home to drink coffee caffeine content is not more than 200 mg / day. This means, espresso coffee is not recommended because it is very concentrated so abstracted with very high levels of caffeine.

Research conducted by experts showed, most of the espresso coffee sold in coffee houses in Scotland containing caffeine above the safe limit for pregnant women. Of the 20 coffee shop serving espresso coffee, only 1 that caffeine levels within safe limits.

“The variation is large enough. The low caffeine could still be taken four times a day by pregnant women. But the levels are excessive, 1 cup alone can lead to overdose,” said Dr. Alan Crozier who led the research.

Besides to the pregnant women, other conditions are advised not to consume too much coffee is in young children and people with liver disorders. In that conditions, the liver is not working optimally so that caffeine increases the risk of overdose due to slow metabolism.

Cholesterol (technically known as a sterol) is a substance found in animal fats and oils, nervous tissues, bile, blood and egg yolks. It has been found that people who suffer from diseases related to the arteries have a higher than average concentration of plasma cholesterol, and it has therefore been thought that an increased level of cholesterol in the blood have a higher risk of developing Atherosclerosis.
Recent studies have proved that by replacing any animal fats in the diet with vegetable oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, the plasma cholesterol falls and remains low as long as the animal fats are completely omitted from the diet.

It is interesting to understand and consider that mankind has been an omnivorous and an animal hunter for about two million years, during which time his diet was rich in animal fats as well as meat. In fact, the reasons behind the development of atherosclerosis remains unknown, although it is understandable that those who are in middle age to have a suspicion that they may have atherosclerosis to give up tobacco, take exercise and reduce their intake of fatty meats, butter, cream, salt and sugar.
There are a number of prescriptions available to help combat the level of cholesterol in the body.

To have cholesterol in the blood is an essential ingredient for the body to function, but too much of it can cause a malfunction. The steroids, including the sex hormones and the adrenal gland hormones are all made up of cholesterol; but only in limited quantities.

There are two major types of female sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary. Progesterone is the main one of the progesterone group.
During the menstrual cycle, progesterone—along with the hormone oestrogens—is secreted by the “corpus luteum” which is naturally developed in the ovarian follicle after ovulation.

And it is the decline of both progesterone and oestrogen together that are associated with the commencing of menstruation. Like oestrogen, progesterone is capable of effectively maintaining the uterus in an appropriate state of receptivity for the implantation of a fertilized ovum.
During the initial stages of pregnancy, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone, and at the same time, so does the placenta. It is the corpus luteum that secretes the majority of the progesterone to begin with, then, after the 10th week, when the pregnancy is steadily advances, the placenta takes over the role of giving out the progesterone.

The original name for progesterone was progestin, which is now used as a general term which refers to “progestational agents”, a group of hormones secreted by the corpus lutea and the placenta. It is the synthetic analogues of these hormones that are the key bases of the ovulation–inhibiting effects of the oral contraceptives.

When the progesterone agents combine with oestrogen it creates a protective enclosure in the womb from conception; this helps to prevent any side effects such as breakthrough bleeding.

Flatulence is commonly known as a “fart” or “breaking wind”. But in reality, the term “flatulence” is basically a presence of gas in the stomach or intestines.

It is a natural thing to swallow air, and so will naturally create air pockets or “gas” in the digestive tract. But in most cases, flatulence is caused by the bacterial fermentation of food. It is the cellulose contained in vegetables that, when broken down, produces methane and hydrogen, while it is foods such as peas, beans, and eggs that are responsible for sulphureted hydrogen and carbon sulphide.

Those individuals who suffer the most, or are prone to, flatulence should take care to avoid the foods that cause it.
Flatulence can also be caused by talking when eating or the excessive swallowing of air (aerophagia) whilst chewing and gulping down food; it can also be related to emotional stress. When gas is present in the stomach it is expelled out through the mouth as a belch. (Note that a belch and a burp are not one and the same); if the gas is present in the bowels (intestines) it can cause rumbling, sometimes discomfort, and the “breaking of wind”.

It is possible to control flatulence by paying close attention to ones diet and consumption. And also any air-swallowing habits must be taken into account.

You and your husband look forward for the day of the arrival.Both excited and waiting patiently for months.Moms at this time should be very careful of what they eat and do.Eating papaya from the 3rd month onwards is considered fatal for the baby as this could lead to an abortion.Also be very careful with sharp objects and take very good care of yourself on an eclipse day.Getting scars on this day could lead to scars on your baby’s lips cheeks legs or arms,this though is what the elderly believed.Drinking lots of milk is very good for your baby’s nutrition.Also make it a point to take in lots of vitamin,iron and phosphorous enriched syrups.If u are a smoker or an alcoholic please cut down on it completely.Remember your baby is not an ash tray or a barrel.It cannot take it.Pregnancy is not the time to restrict calories.You need those calories to carry your baby.

Morning sickness and mood swings might bother you when pregnant.This comes with the package and you cannot do anything about it.Just relax and it will all wear off.You might also have a food craving of a particular kind.No worries eat what you like don’t say no to that craving.Remember giving life is powerful.Therefore prepare yourself in the right way.

There are different stages of claustrophobia; some serious cases can be disabling, preventing a patient from entering a vehicle to travel, maybe, to work, or entering a building of which he or she works. In such circumstances, the effect of the patient may cause him or her to develop a shortness of breath, a rapid heartbeat with palpitations, shaking, sweating and other symptoms of panic which the patient cannot control.

It is a difficulty to treat any phobias. Psychotherapy may prove useful if it can get to the bottom of the cause and find the original reason of the developed phobia.
Another helpful treatment is desensitization. This is a process which the patient is either exposed to the fearful experience or instructed to imagine themselves in the situation whilst being continually reassured and encouraged by the doctor or therapist. Such a process is aided by the use of tranquilizing drugs.

The prognosis, however, remains unstable as many patients, despite successful treatment, have relapsed into their previous phobic state.

Greatest risk is experienced by the children who are accustomed to using mobile phones since a young age. Even in the womb, the fetus is affected by this if the mother is too often use cell phones during the pregnancy.

This was revealed by researchers from the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. The Research has involved 28 000 children aged 7 years and 100,000 pregnant women between the years 1996-2002.

In pregnancy, the mothers filled out a questionnaire about lifestyle, including frequency of mobile phone usage. Similar questionnaire was administered again after giving birth and when her son entered the age of 7 years, while the researchers looked at medical records relating to the child’s emotions and behavior.

The results show that the children who use mobile phones since a toddler is 50 percent more at risk of conduct disorder on entering the age of 7 years. Abnormal behavior was quite variable, one of which concentration problems and hyperactivity (GPPH).

In children who have not been accustomed to use of the mobile phone, the risk remains high if the mother’s during his pregnancy frequent use a mobile phones. Not much different from the first group, cell phone usage during the pregnancy increases the risk of behavioral disorders by 40 percent when a child is 7 years old.

Increased risk of behavioral disorders is quite high when compared with the average mobile phone usage among children respondents in the study. In their report, investigators said none of the child respondents who use mobile phones more than 1 hour / week.

The results of this research re-warm the controversy about the dangers of cell phone radiation. In May 2010, the World Health Organisation had confirmed that the increased risk of brain cancer due to mobile phone radiation is not too significant.

Most miscarriages, especially those that occur in the first trimester of pregnancy, can not be prevented, because most are caused by chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus or an abnormal fetal development.

If you have a bleeding or spotting or stomach cramps, tell your doctor and discuss your activities with your doctor. You will be recommended to Bedrest, in order to rest your pelvis, thereby reducing the possibility of miscarriage (although there is no research evidence that shows bedrest can help). Do not wash or spray your vagina with a vaginal medication, do not give a tampon or have intercourse during the ongoing bleeding. But calm your mind, because bleeding often occurs early in of pregnancy and some of the women who experience bleeding during the first trimester pregnancy can continue her pregnancy and gave birth to a healthy baby.

The study was conducted by measuring the effects of nicotine in fetal rats. However, if the same effect also occurs in humans, of course, the heart health of newborns need to be a concern.

Another study conducted in humans showed that children born to women smokers were damaged in the growth of the vascular system.

Since it is impossible to try nicotine exposure on the fetus, DaLiao Xiao and colleagues conducted a study in mice.

In the experiment, Xiao provides exposure to nicotine in 12 pregnant mice and placebo in 13 other mice. Then the mice were born their health monitored until the age of five months to determine whether there is a sign of heart damage or impaired blood circulation.

In the fifth month, the baby mice from the group given nicotine had two classic symptoms of increasing the risk of heart disease, namely increased oxidative stress and hypertension.

Actually quite a lot of research showing negative effects of cigarette smoke to the fetus, for example, reducing the production of milk, a baby born with low weight, until the baby’s growth is not optimal.

Therefore, do not let the baby go to secondhand smoke. Creating a healthy environment for the development of the child should start since he was in the womb.

Talking about the food of pregnant women, certainly connected with the fetus, because of what we eat, the baby would also have come to consume. So it’s good if the mother’s selective about the food she eat during pregnancy.

The principle of pregnant mother’s diet is actually very easy, just this :

Change your diet in accordance with the pregnant mother’s diet, like eating not much in the portion but with the intensity often and use healthy snacks.

Avoid foods that could harm the fetus, such as junk food, food that contains MSG, and also preservatives and synthetic dyes.

Do not diet during pregnancy because after all you will be fat because of this pregnancy

Taking vitamins, well if the mother should consult a midwife or obstetrician.

Sufficient water consumption and Consuming foods that contain lots of fiber, like vegetables and fruits.

Avoid foods or drinks that contain lots of sugar, such as reducing sugar when making tea or coffee.

good luck I hope this helps you through pregnancy and childbirth hopefully running smoothly for you and your baby